CHLAVM Virtual Museum
Sources
These sources were used to research this exhibition and to verify its texts. They are listed by location, in the order of the tour, followed by the sources for the About page and general background. References follow APA style (7th edition). Titles appear in their original language.
Sources last reviewed: September 2026.
Puebla, Mexico
- Con la participación de 195 mil fieles, Puebla vive la XXXIV Procesión de Viernes Santo. (2026). UPRESS. https://upress.mx/secciones/campus-y-comunidad/16366-con-la-participaci%C3%B3n-de-195-mil-fieles,-puebla-vive-la-xxxiv-procesi%C3%B3n-de-viernes-santo
- Puebla, México, se prepara para recibir a más de 190.000 fieles en procesión de Viernes Santo. (2026). ACI Prensa. https://www.aciprensa.com/noticias/123483/puebla-mexico-se-prepara-para-recibir-a-mas-de-190000-fieles-en-procesion-de-viernes-santo
- Recorrido de la Procesión de Viernes Santo 2026 en Puebla: ¿Por dónde pasarán las siete imágenes? (2026). N+. https://www.nmas.com.mx/puebla/recorrido-procesion-viernes-santo-2026-puebla-calles-por-donde-pasaran-las-siete-imagenes-religiosas-del-viacrucis/
- UNESCO. (2019). Artisanal talavera of Puebla and Tlaxcala (Mexico) and ceramics of Talavera de la Reina and El Puente del Arzobispo (Spain) making process. Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/artisanal-talavera-of-puebla-and-tlaxcala-mexico-and-ceramics-of-talavera-de-la-reina-and-el-puente-del-arzobispo-spain-making-process-01462
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (n.d.). Historic Centre of Puebla. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/416/
Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
- Holy Week in Iztapalapa: A cholera epidemic gave rise to the representation of the Passion of Christ. (2022, April 14). Infobae. https://www.infobae.com/en/2022/04/14/holy-week-in-iztapalapa-a-cholera-epidemic-gave-rise-to-the-representation-of-the-passion-of-christ
- La Pasión de Cristo en Iztapalapa es declarada Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial de la Humanidad. (2025, December). The Hollywood Reporter en Español. https://es.hollywoodreporter.com/la-pasion-de-cristo-en-iztapalapa-es-declarada-patrimonio-cultural-inmaterial-de-la-humanidad
- Pasión de Cristo en Iztapalapa reúne más de 2 millones de asistentes; el registro más alto reportado. (2026, April 3). Proceso. https://www.proceso.com.mx/nacional/cdmx/2026/4/3/pasion-de-cristo-en-iztapalapa-reune-mas-de-millones-de-asistentes-el-registro-mas-alto-reportado-369439.html
- UNESCO. (2025). Representation of the passion, death and resurrection of Christ in Iztapalapa. Intangible Cultural Heritage. https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/representation-of-the-passion-death-and-resurrection-of-christ-in-iztapalapa-02237
Taxco, Mexico
- Flagelantes, encruzados y ánimas: ¿Por qué la gente de Taxco se golpea y castiga en las calles durante Semana Santa? (2026, March 21). El Heraldo de México. https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/espectaculos/2026/3/21/flagelantes-encruzados-animas-por-que-la-gente-de-taxco-se-golpea-castiga-en-las-calles-durante-santa-santa-782880.html
- TaxcoLandia. (n.d.). Encruzados, ánimas y flagelados (Semana Santa Taxco). Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://www.taxcolandia.com/festividades/semana_santa/penitencias.php
San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Procesión del Silencio en San Luis Potosí. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procesi%C3%B3n_del_Silencio_en_San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD
- Semana Santa: ¿Cuál es el origen de la Procesión del Silencio de San Luis Potosí? (n.d.). El Universal San Luis Potosí. https://sanluis.eluniversal.com.mx/estado/semana-santa-cual-es-el-origen-de-la-procesion-del-silencio-de-san-luis-potosi/
San Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines
- Crucifixion in the Philippines. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_in_the_Philippines
- 11 men nailed to the cross in Pampanga on Good Friday. (2025). Philippine Daily Inquirer. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2053920/pampanga-kristo-ruben-enaje-nailed-to-cross-for-36th-time-on-good-friday
- Maleldo: A re-enactment of the passion and death of Jesus Christ. (n.d.). Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1030078
- Ruben Enaje. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruben_Enaje
Pampanga, Philippines
- Betis Church. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betis_Church
- Crucifixion in the Philippines. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_in_the_Philippines
- Henares, I. (2010, April). Pampanga: Holy Week flagellation and penitents in Magalang, Pampanga. Ivan About Town. https://www.ivanhenares.com/2010/04/pampanga-holy-week-flagellation-and.html
- Historical Marker Database. (n.d.). Lalawigan ng Pampanga / Province of Pampanga historical marker. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=305092
- Maleldo: A re-enactment of the passion and death of Jesus Christ. (n.d.). Philippine News Agency. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1030078
- Maleldo: Kapampangan Lenten traditions. (2017, April 16). The Kapampangan Traveller. https://kapampangantraveller.com/2017/04/16/maleldo2017/
- Pampanga. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampanga
- San Guillermo Parish Church (Bacolor). (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Guillermo_Parish_Church_(Bacolor)
Marinduque, Philippines
- Marinduque’s mesmerizing Moriones. (2013, March). Positively Filipino. https://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/2013/3/marinduques-mesmerizing-moriones
- Moriones Festival. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moriones_Festival
Manila, Philippines
- Our Lady of the Assumption Parish. (2026, March 29). Parish bulletin [Bulletin]. Archdiocese of Toronto. https://olassumptionto.archtoronto.org/siteassets/bulletins/2026_03_29.pdf
- Pasyon. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasyon
Malabo, Equatorial Guinea
- Archdiocese of Malabo. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 1, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Malabo
- Category:Cathedral of Malabo. (n.d.). Wikimedia Commons. Retrieved October 1, 2026, from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cathedral_of_Malabo
- Comienza la Semana Santa en Malabo. (n.d.). Guinea Ecuatorial Press. https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticias/comienza_la_semana_santa_en_malabo
- Malabo protagoniza una «multitudinaria procesión del Viacrucis». (2025, April 19). Ahora EG. https://ahoraeg.com/sociedad/2025/04/19/malabo-protagoniza-una-multitudinaria-procesion-del-viacrucis/
- Leo XIV. (2026, April 23). Viaje apostólico a Guinea Ecuatorial: Santa Misa en el Estadio de Malabo [Homily]. Vatican. https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiv/es/homilies/2026/documents/20260423-guinea-equatoriale-messa-malabo.html
Bata, Equatorial Guinea
- St. James and Our Lady of the Pillar Cathedral, Bata. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 1, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._James_and_Our_Lady_of_the_Pillar_Cathedral,_Bata
- La Catedral de Bata reabre sus puertas y devuelve la luz a miles de fieles. (n.d.). Real Equatorial Guinea. https://realequatorialguinea.com/sociedad/la-catedral-de-bata-reabre-sus-puertas-y-devuelve-la-luz-a-miles-de-fieles/
- León XIV en suelo guineano: ¡La Iglesia necesita vuestro entusiasmo! (2026, April). Vatican News. https://www.vaticannews.va/es/iglesia/news/2026-04/cronica-dia-2-papa-guinea-ecuatorial-mongomo-bata.html
- Malabo protagoniza una «multitudinaria procesión del Viacrucis». (2025, April 19). Ahora EG. https://ahoraeg.com/sociedad/2025/04/19/malabo-protagoniza-una-multitudinaria-procesion-del-viacrucis/
- Comienza la Semana Santa en Malabo. (n.d.). Guinea Ecuatorial Press. https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/noticias/comienza_la_semana_santa_en_malabo
St. Catharines, Canada
- Comunidad Católica Hispana de Niagara. (n.d.). Historia. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from http://www.comunidadcatolicahispana.com/historia.html
- Consulate General of Mexico in Toronto. (n.d.). Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP). Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://consulmex.sre.gob.mx/toronto/index.php/en/swap
- St. Alfred Parish. (n.d.). Parish history. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from http://www.stalfredcatholicchurch.ca/parish-history
- St. Alfred Parish. (2025, April 13). Parish bulletin [Bulletin]. https://www.stalfredcatholicchurch.ca/view-file/45
- St. Alfred Parish. (2026, March 29). Parish bulletin [Bulletin]. https://www.stalfredcatholicchurch.ca/view-file/92
Lima, Peru
- Semana Santa en Lima: El origen del recorrido de las siete iglesias y dónde seguir esta tradición el Jueves Santo. (2025, April 13). Infobae. https://www.infobae.com/peru/2025/04/13/semana-santa-en-lima-el-origen-del-recorrido-de-las-siete-iglesias-y-donde-seguir-esta-tradicion-el-jueves-santo/
- Semana Santa: Recorrido de las siete iglesias en el Centro Histórico de Lima. (n.d.). El Peruano. https://www.elperuano.pe/noticia/209536-semana-santa-recorrido-de-las-siete-iglesias-en-el-centro-historico-de-lima-fotogaleria
About the Exhibition
- Basilica Minore del Santo Niño de Cebu. (n.d.). Magellan’s Cross. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://santoninodecebubasilica.org/basilica-minore-del-santo-nino/magellans-cross/
- Equatorial Guinea: Independence. (n.d.). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://www.britannica.com/place/Equatorial-Guinea/Independence
- Estudios Indianos. (n.d.). Señor de los Milagros. Universidad del Pacífico. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://estudiosindianos.up.edu.pe/en/indias-glossary/senor-de-los-milagros/
- Holy Week in Seville. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week_in_Seville
- Library of Congress. (2021, October). Negotiating empire, Part I: From Magellan to the founding of Manila, 16th-18th centuries. 4 Corners of the World. https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2021/10/negotiating-empire-part-i-from-magellan-to-the-founding-of-manila-16th-18th-centuries/
- Lord of Miracles. (n.d.). In Wikipedia. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Miracles
- Manila galleon. (n.d.). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://www.britannica.com/technology/Manila-galleon
- The Metropolitan Museum of Art. (n.d.). The Manila galleon trade (1565-1815). Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://www.metmuseum.org/essays/the-manila-galleon-trade-1565-1815
- UNESCO World Heritage Centre. (n.d.). Historic Centre of Puebla. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/416/
- For Iztapalapa, see the Iztapalapa section above.
General background
- Canadian Hispanic-Latin American Virtual Museum. (n.d.). Home. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://www.chlavm.ca/en/
- Statistics Canada. (2026, June 2). Study: Portrait of the Filipino populations in Canada. The Daily. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/260602/dq260602b-eng.htm
- Statistics Canada. (2026, June 29). Study: Portrait of the Latin American populations in Canada. The Daily. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/260629/dq260629a-eng.htm
Sources for the remaining locations will be added as their texts are reviewed.
Further Reading
For readers who want to go deeper, these books, articles and reports explore Holy Week, popular devotion, and the religious life of Hispanic, Latin American and Filipino communities in Canada and in diaspora.
Books
- Bramadat, P., & Seljak, D. (Eds.). (2008). Christianity and ethnicity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9780802095848
- Bramadat, P., & Seljak, D. (Eds.). (2009). Religion and ethnicity in Canada. University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442610187
- Harney, N. D. (1998). Eh, paesan! Being Italian in Toronto. University of Toronto Press.
- Levitt, P. (2007). God needs no passport: Immigrants and the changing American religious landscape. The New Press.
- Marshall, A. R. (2018). Bayanihan and belonging: Filipinos and religion in Canada. University of Toronto Press. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487522506
- Orsi, R. A. (2010). The Madonna of 115th Street: Faith and community in Italian Harlem, 1880-1950 (3rd ed.). Yale University Press.
- Tweed, T. A. (2006). Crossing and dwelling: A theory of religion. Harvard University Press.
Journal articles
- Bautista, J. (2021). On the personhood of sacred objects: Agency, materiality and popular devotion in the Roman Catholic Philippines. Religions, 12(7), 454. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12070454
- Fernandez-Mostaza, M. E., & Muñoz Henriquez, W. (2018). A Cristo moreno in Barcelona: The staging of identity-based unity and difference in the procession of the Lord of Miracles. Religions, 9(4), 121. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9040121
- Landolt, P., Goldring, L., & Bernhard, J. K. (2011). Agenda setting and immigrant politics: The case of Latin Americans in Toronto. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(9), 1235-1266. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764211407841
- Muñoz-Henríquez, W., & Fernández-Mostaza, M. E. (2025). Dancing faith, reproducing identity: The Lord of Miracles devotion among Barcelona’s migrants. Religions, 16(6), 693. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16060693
- Paerregaard, K. (2008). In the footsteps of the Lord of Miracles: The expatriation of religious icons in the Peruvian diaspora. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(7), 1073-1089. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830802230380
- Ruiz Baía, L. (1999). Rethinking transnationalism: Reconstructing national identities among Peruvian Catholics in New Jersey. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 41(4), 93-109. https://doi.org/10.2307/166193
Theses
- Garcia Lopez, M. (2003). L’insertion urbaine des immigrants latino-américains à Montréal: Trajectoires résidentielles, fréquentation des commerces et lieux de culte ethnique et définition identitaire [Doctoral dissertation, Institut national de la recherche scientifique]. Espace INRS. https://espace.inrs.ca/id/eprint/76/
Reports and heritage resources
- Statistics Canada. (2026a). Portrait of the Filipino populations in Canada: A sociodemographic and socioeconomic analysis (Catalogue No. 89-657-X2026005). https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-657-x/89-657-x2026005-eng.htm
- Statistics Canada. (2026b). Portrait of the Latin American populations in Canada: Diversity and socioeconomic outcomes (Catalogue No. 89-657-X2026006). https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/260629/dq260629a-eng.htm
- Ville de Montréal. (n.d.). Peruanos, procesión. Mémoires des Montréalais. Retrieved September 23, 2026, from https://ville.montreal.qc.ca/memoiresdesmontrealais/es/files/peruanos-procesion